Likewise, depending on the type of biomass to be utilized, there can be considerable efficiencies if specialized harvesting equipment or contractors are available in the local region. Since topography has a high impact on procurement costs, steep slopes (> 40%) reduce the possibilities for utilization. NIPF owners who own small areas may not have enough biomass available to make collection economical, unless they are working with other owners in the locality to provide work for at least 2 weeks (43). Small owners tend to have small sale volumes, cramped landing areas, and need frequent shifting of machines among sites, all of which increase costs (9).

Biomass for bioenergy is typically a low-value product. Even so its use can be beneficial. Even where the direct costs of the operation are not covered by the revenues generated, biomass utilization can reduce overall costs of silvicultural operations and reduce other risks, such as from fire, or give other benefits. Indirect costs also need to be accounted for, such as ensuring sustainability by applying ash or fertilizer. Thus it is important to integrate bioenergy production into silviculture and forest management.